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Use the following template to cite a book using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. City: Publisher; Year Published.
Example:
1. van Rijn I, de Graaf C, Smeets P. Tasting calories differentially affects brain activation during hunger and satiety. Behavioural Brain Research. 2015;279:139-147.
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No effect of energy content. No interaction between energy content and sweetness. There was an interaction between hunger state and energy content. The anterior insula and thalamus also integrate hunger state with caloric content of taste stimuli. THIS MAY IMPLY: Hunger state may influence what we eat, as well as whether we eat at all - where foods with higher caloric content may exert greater influence on our drive to eat them, than foods containing lower caloric content. As far as HFCS is concerned: it is far sweeter (per gramme) than plain sucrose and, for this reason, may appear more attractive when a hungry. THIS IMPLIES: subjects have experience of a product containing HFCS in the first instance, as there would have to exist an association between a given product and its sweetness known to the subject, before the subject could be thought to have chosen the HFCS-containing product over alternatives, rather than having done so by chance. (1)
Use the following template to cite a journal using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title [electronic article]. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. (http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. Moritz J, Molino D, Pytlik E. Superabsorbent polymers have become an important component of diapers during the last 10 years. Wwwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu. 2004;(http://wwwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu/ce435/Diapers/Diapers.html). (Accessed April 30 , 2015)
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The use of superabsorbent polymers revolutionized the diaper industry. Diaper manufacturers began to design diapers to take advantage of the amazing liquid retention ability of the polymer. Superabsorbent polymers absorb, and retain under a slight mechanical pressure, about 30 times their weight in urine.2 The swollen gel holds the liquid in a solid, rubbery state and prevents the liquid from leaking onto the baby�s skin and clothing. (1)
Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Title. City: Publisher; Year Published.
Example:
1. Local.gov.uk. Sport and health | Local Government Association. (http://www.local.gov.uk/sport-and-health). (Accessed April 30 , 2015)
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providing children with the opportunity to play has positive impacts on health, educational attainment, community cohesion and safety, and economic vitality. (1)
Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Year Published (Accessed October 10 , 2013).(http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. Kavka M. Reality TV. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 2012.
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“MTV has begun to introduce a different kind of reality show, a throwback to the social- interest documentary that seeks to send a responsible message to young people by showing what life is like for their less fortunate peers” (1)
Use the following template to cite a website using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Year Published;(http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. White J, Hobbs L, Fernandez S. Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2014;39(1):176-182.
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Conclusions: Using verified analytical methodology for HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages, this study confirmed the hypothesis that fructose as a percentage of total sugars is in close agreement with published specifications in industry technical data sheets, published literature values and governmental standards and requirements. Furthermore, total sugars content of commercial beverages is consistent with common industry practices for canned and bottled products and met the US Federal requirements for nutritional labeling and nutrient claims. Prior concerns about composition were likely owing to use of improper and unverified methodology. (1)
Use the following template to cite a blog using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;(http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. Kepple N, Freisthler B. Exploring the Ecological Association Between Crime and Medical Marijuana Dispensaries. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs [electronic article]. 2012;73(4):523. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3364319/?ie=UTF8). (Accessed May 1 , 2015)
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And, increasingly, they’re unable to compete with U.S. marijuana growers. With cannabis legalized or allowed for medical use in 20 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, more and more of the American market is supplied with highly potent marijuana grown in American garages and converted warehouses — some licensed, others not. Mexican trafficking groups have also set up vast outdoor plantations on public land, especially in California, contributing to the fall in marijuana prices. (1)
Use the following template to cite a court case using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Title. Year Published.
Example:
1. W3.org. Easy Checks - A First Review of Web Accessibility. 2015;(http://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/preliminary.html#contrast). (Accessed April 28 , 2015)
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High contrast (for example, dark text on light background or bright text on dark background) is required by some people with visual impairments, including many older people who lose contrast sensitivity from ageing. While some people need high contrast, for others — including some people with reading disabilities such as dyslexia — bright colors (high luminance) are not readable. They need low luminance. (1)
Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;:Pages Used. (http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. Northern Territory Government. 2009.
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Policy is a statement that reflects the moral, ethical and legal position of an agency or organisation in regards to a particular issue or activity while procedures are clear, practical steps to be followed consistently through the whole agency or service in order to meet the policy statement (1)
Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. City: Publisher; Year Published (Accessed October 10 , 2013).(http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. Matson J. Phased Out: Obama's NASA Budget Would Cancel Constellation Moon Program, Privatize Manned Launches. Scientificamerican.com. 2015;(http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-budget-constellation-cancel/). (Accessed April 10 , 2015)
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The article written by Matson describes the reason as to which the program was cut and the effects it had on NASA's plan to colonize the moon. Though funding was cut, NASA agreed that the technology was not yet ready for the mission to be successful. The article was very useful as, opposed to other articles on the subject, it provides the reader with detailed results and direct statements from NASA representatives about the program cut. (1)
Use the following template to cite an edited book using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. City: Publisher; Year Published.
Example:
1. Wambold N. Architectural Photography as Seen Through an Architect's Viewfinder: An Investigation and Demonstration of Architectural Photography Practices and Uses Using Newly Completed Construction on the SIUC Campus as Case Studies. Research Paper [electronic article]. 2011;:46. (http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159&context=gs_rp). (Accessed April 1 , 2015)
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Consideration has to be given to form, perspective, proportion and spacing of architecture. The importance of understanding its function, its character, its general mass, its ornament – or lack of ornament – cannot be too strongly emphasized (1)
Use the following template to cite an email using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Year Published;
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1. 2015;(http://www.physicsclassroom.com/getattachment/reasoning/light/src35.pdf). (Accessed March 27 , 2015)
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The term intensity is used to describe the rate at which light spreads over a surface of a given area some distance from a source. The intensity varies with the distance from the source and the power of the source (1)
Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;:Pages Used.
Example:
1. Rashotte L. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. 2007;
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Social influence is defined as change in an individual's thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviours that results from interaction with another individual or a group. Social influence is distinct from conformity, power, and authority (1)
Use the following template to cite an interview using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
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1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Year Published;
Example:
1. Gwynne K. Life Without Parole for Pot? 10 Worst Cases of Cruel and Unusual Punishment. Alternet. 2012;(http://www.alternet.org/story/156061/life_without_parole_for_pot_10_worst_cases_of_cruel_and_unusual_punishment). (Accessed April 29 , 2015)
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Cannabis is one of the most innocuous substances known to humans. Safer than Advil, a little (or a lot) of weed has never killed anybody, nor is it known to induce the kind of violent behavior linked to, say, alcohol. What's more, marijuana shows great therapeutic promise. It has been proven to reduce nausea associated with several ailments and chemotherapy, help cure post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), slow the progression of multiple sclerosis, and protect eyesight from glaucoma, among other medical benefits. The side-effects of pot are minimal, especially when compared to legal, often lethal drugs like OxyContin or Xanax. The consequences of a marijuana arrest, however, can be far more damaging than the drug itself. America’s legal system continues to treat the plant as if the 1920s propaganda film Reefer Madness were true. In the United States -- where a marijuana arrest occurs every 42 seconds, on average -- the war on pot has disastrous consequences for its victims. Here are 10 of the most shameful examples in which the crime – related to weed -- does not even come close to matching the punishment. 1. 55 Years in Prison for $350 of Pot Before he got busted, Weldon Angelos was a 25-year-old record producer who appeared to be on the road to stardom. Founder of the Utah-based rap label Extravagant Records, Angelos had collaborated with big names like Snoop Dogg. He had a strong future ahead of him, but now he will rot in jail until he is 80 years old, because three marijuana sales to undercover cops, worth a total of $350, got him a 55-year sentence with no chance of parole. As Judge Paul G. Cassell pointed out, Angelos got more time than he would have for hijacking an airplane (25 years), beating someone to death in a fight (13 years), or raping a 10-year-old child (11 years). Making matters worse, the father of two didn’t even have a criminal record: he was a first time-offender. Mandatory minimums for drug felonies involving a gun, however, stacked up to make Angelos’ weed bust a near life sentence. Angelos never used or brandished his two weapons, but because the police said they saw them -- in his center console and strapped to his ankle -- he received one five-year and two consecutive 25-year sentences. Judge Cassell was outraged at Angelos’ mandatory sentence, calling it ""unjust, cruel, and even irrational.” He urged President Bush to commute Angelos’ sentence to 18 years or less, and 29 former judges and prosecutors filed a ""friend-of-the-court"" brief imploring Angelos’ sentencing judge to declare the sentence unconstitutional. Unfortunately, none of those efforts were successful. 2. Cops Pose as High-Schoolers and Ruin Kids' Lives Last year, undercover police officers posed as students in three Florida high schools. The cops behaved as normal teenagers would, going to classes, making Facebook connections and flirting with other students. They were good at it, and one 18-year-old honor student named Justin fell in love with the cop who busted him. The attractive, 25-year-old undercover female officer spent weekends with the teenager, and the two acted as any crushing youngsters would -- sharing stories, texting and flirting. They were building a relationship, and Justin wanted to make his new girl happy. So when the undercover cop told Justin how much she loved weed, and begged him for a connect, Justin relented, even though he didn’t smoke himself. He refused the $25 his crush tried to give him, and told her the pot was a gift. When the sting operation came down, police arrested Justin along with 31 other students, and charged him with distribution. If Justin is convicted of the felony sale, he can say good-bye to financial aid and watch his future deteriorate. Talk about a twisted relationship. 3. Life Sentence for Medication Chris Diaz, 22, suffers from life-threatening asthma. Five years ago, he moved from Texas to California to pursue alternative treatments, and got himself a medical pot card. The treatment was working, he says. In fact, everything was going well until two years ago, when a visit to Diaz’ dying grandmother threatened to send him to jail for life. The Texas highway patrol pulled over Diaz for expired plates, searched the car and found 14 grams of weed and hash. Because of Texas' harsh hash laws, Diaz faced up to 99 years in prison for intent to sell. After nine months behind bars, including 111 days in solitary confinement, without mail, phone calls or any human contact whatsoever, his public defender came to offer him a plea deal. Terrified of a life sentence, Diaz pled no-contest to face three, instead of 99 years, behind bars. He also gave up his right to appeal. Now, Diaz is fighting to convince legal authorities that the plea deal was coerced, and to remove the felony conviction that could haunt him for life. In the meantime, he waits in prison, unable to access his medication. 4. Snatching the Weed-Grower’s Children While there is no law preventing parents from using dangerous substances like alcohol or prescription pills, smoking pot can get their kids taken away and thrown into foster care. An especially egregious example of state-sanctioned baby-snatching happened last year in California. On September 29, 2011, the Butte Interagency Narcotic Task Force (BINTF) forcefully entered the home of Daisy Bram and her husband Jayme Wals. Bram says masked, armed officers violently ripped her three-week-old infant from her arms, and took her 15-month-old son into custody as well. In audio of the raid, Bram is heard screaming and crying, saying she needs to breastfeed her hungry infant. “He needs to eat now. He’s a newborn,” she pleads with officers. Bram and Wals had to wait four months until Child Protective Services returned their kids from foster care. According to reports, police raided their 38-plant garden and seized another 56 plants from inside their home. The bust came just three weeks after agents conducted a “compliance check,” ensuring that the couple, who are medical marijuana patients, were following the legal guidelines to grow pot. Bram says officials assured them that everything was fine. Regardless, Bram and Wals were later charged with eight felonies for marijuana and child abuse. Most of the charges, including those for child abuse, have been dropped. 5. School Loans Suspended for Pot Pipe Eighteen-year-old Marisa Garcia was about to become a freshman at California State University, Fullerton. Like most college students, Garcia could not afford to pay her tuition on her own, so she applied for financial aid. While filling out her Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FASFA) form, Garcia ran into Question #23: ""Have you ever been convicted of a drug offense?"" Garcia answered yes. Earlier that month, she was busted for a pipe with some marijuana residue, and paid a $415 fine for misdemeanor marijuana possession. Because she was honest, Garcia was denied financial aid for one year. Her only other choice was to complete a six-month-long drug rehabilitation course. But Garcia couldn’t afford an in-patient treatment program, nor did she believe she had a problem that required treatment. Rather than enter rehab, Garcia was able to double her hours at a part-time job and get some help from her mother, who used credit cards and equity in her home to cover the rest of her tuition. Garcia’s case wasn't an isolated incident. More than 200,000 students have lost federal loans, grants and work-study since the Higher Education Act adopted the Aid Elimination Penalty in 2000, many of them for weed busts. 6. Five Years for MS Sufferer Jon Ray Wilson, 39, suffers from multiple sclerosis. To slow the progression of his condition, he grew and used marijuana. Then, he went to jail for it. In November 2009, Wilson was sentenced to five years in prison for possessing and manufacturing marijuana plants. The judge barred Wilson from telling the jury that he grew pot to relieve his symptoms, and did not allow an expert witness to testify on the benefits of marijuana for MS patients. Granted entry into the Intensive Supervision Program, Wilson was released from prison this June. For 16 months, he must follow an array of rules that include wearing an electronic monitor, meeting curfew and holding a job. Cruelly, he is also required to pass drug tests, even though he qualifies for New Jersey’s medical pot program. In January 2010, New Jersey legalized medical marijuana for a variety of conditions, including multiple sclerosis. Two and a half years later, however, no dispensaries have opened. 7. Puppycide Shooting the “stash” (or family) dog is standard in SWAT raids, the chaos of which also often includes flash-bang grenades. The Whitworth family’s experience was especially sad. In 2010 a SWAT team busted into the Whitworth family’s Missouri home at about 8:30pm. The family’s dogs barked at the loud intrusion, and the SWAT team responded by shooting them, killing a pit bull and injuring a Corgi. When 25-year-old Jonathan Whitworth learned that police had shot his dogs, he began sobbing and asking why killing the family pets had been necessary. “They were probably trying to play with you,” he cried. Making matters worse, police temporarily held his wife and 7-year-old son just feet away from their dead dog's body. After scaring the family half to death and killing their pet, police uncovered a grinder, pipe and small amount of pot. Ironically, it was Whitworth -- the victim of a violent raid on his home, including shots fired -- who was charged with child endangerment. 8. Mother of Four Gets 12 Years for $31 Sale A $31 pot sale can get you a 12-year prison sentence in Oklahoma. That’s exactly what happened to Patricia Spottedcrow, a first-time offender and mother of four. An Oklahoma judge recently modified Spottedcrow’s sentence to eight years, which is still a whopping punishment for selling $30 worth of weed. The four-year reduction seems even stingier when you consider Spottedcrow’s behavior behind bars – while in prison, she took parenting classes, finished her GED and participated in several other self-improvement programs. ""Her new behavior should be noted, complimented and rewarded,"" the judge said. ""However, she has only served a relatively short portion of her sentence. This court believes she needs more time to prepare and mature. Her past behavior had consequences. She is experiencing those consequences now."" Eight years to “prepare and mature” in a cage? How that can be good for anyone, or for their children? 9. Life in Prison for the Middleman When he was 38, Mark Young caught a drug trafficking conviction for 700 pounds of marijuana. A middleman, Young did not distribute the pot, but introduced people looking to sell to other people who were looking to buy. That was a year and a half before police arrested him. Investigators uncovered no physical evidence -- pot, cash or anything else -- linking Young to trafficking. The testimony of co-conspirators cooperating with the government was the only evidence against him. Nonetheless, in 1992, Mark Young was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Young had never been charged with drug dealing, and had no history of violent crime. 10. The Commonality of Life for Pot That same year, Larry Jackson, a small-time crook with a long record of nonviolent offenses, got life behind bars for possessing less than 1/100th of a gram of pot and a little cocaine in Oklahoma. As Eric Schlosser wrote in Reefer Madness, Oklahoma is among the worst places to get busted for weed, but it’s not the only state where you can catch a life sentence for pot: In Oklahoma City, Leland James Dodd was given two life sentences, plus ten years, for buying fifty pounds of marijuana from undercover officers in a ""reverse sting."" Oklahoma is not alone in handing out life sentences for buying marijuana from the government. In Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, William Stephen Bonner, a truck driver, was sent away for life without possibility of parole after state narcotics agents delivered forty pounds of marijuana to his bedroom. Raymond Pope, a resident of Georgia, was lured to Baldwin County, Alabama, in 1990 with promises of cheap marijuana; he bought twenty-seven pounds from local sheriffs in a reverse sting, was convicted, and was sentenced to life without possibility of parole. Pope's criminal record consisted of prior convictions for stealing televisions and bedspreads from Georgia motels. He is now imprisoned 400 miles from his family. He has three young children. The consequences of a marijuana arrest can be shockingly cruel, and they go well beyond those mentioned in this brief list. Many employers fire people instantly for a drug arrest, even if it is only for a tiny amount of pot. Nonviolent marijuana users are caged alongside dangerous felons in facilities where rape and abuse are rampant. And while the consequences of our war on pot are multifaceted, less can be said for its achievements. The government spends more than $7 billion annually to enforce marijuana prohibition, but has not successfully deterred marijuana use. In fact, more teens now smoke pot than cigarettes, but our relentless pursuit to punish marijuana users nonetheless continues apace. (1)
Use the following template to cite a magazine using the American Journal of Epidemiology citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title [electronic article]. Year Published;(Issue number):Pages Used. (http://Website-Url). (Accessed October 10 , 2013)
Example:
1. Constitution.org. The Federalist #10. 2015;(http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa10.htm). (Accessed April 30 , 2015)