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Use the following template to cite a book using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Author Surname,A. (Year Published) Title Publisher, City.
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Pacher,P. and Mechoulam,R. (2011) Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system?. Progress in Lipid Research, 50, 193-211.
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Overwhelming evidence has established an important role for endocannabinoid-CB2 receptor signaling in a large number of the major pathologies affecting humans. The broad spectrum of actions that can be attributed to CB2 receptor signaling in inflammatory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, neuro-degenerative, psychiatric and many other diseases have been reviewed here in some detail (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Most likely, the primary cellular targets and executors of the CB2 receptor-mediated effects of endocannabinoids or synthetic agonists are the immune and immune-derived cells (e.g. leukocytes, various populations of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver, etc.), however the number of other potential cellular targets is also expanding, including now endothelial and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts of various origin, cardiomyocytes, and certain neuronal elements of the peripheral or central nervous systems (Fig. 2). Interestingly, it appears that in many of the above mentioned pathological conditions the inflammation/tissue injury not only triggers rapid elevation in local endocannabinoid level, which in turn initiates fast signaling processes in immune and perhaps other cell types modulating their critical functions, but may also lead to marked increases in CB2 receptor expressions both in inflammatory, as well as in some parenchymal cells. However, the drastic elevation in CB2 receptor expressions recently reported in various diseased tissues calls for some cautious note until these studies are confirmed using more rigorous positive and negative controls and supported by functional evidence. The latter is extremely important given the known, but often ignored limitations of the recently available CB2 antibodies and knockout mouse models. In immune or immune derived cells CB2 activation generally mediates immunosuppressive effects comprising inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, suppression of cytokine and chemokine production and migration of stimulated immune cells, and induction of T regulatory cells, with consequent attenuation of autoimmune inflammatory response. These effects limit the tissue injury in large number of the above mentioned pathological conditions, particularly in those associated with sterile inflammatory response. However, in other disease states these immunosuppressive effects of the CB2 receptor activation may enhance or even inflict tissue damage as discussed in previous parts (e.g. in infections with various live pathogens, certain types of cancers in which the protective role of the immune system is critical to control the cancer growth, etc.). It is also important to keep in mind that even the relatively selective CB2 agonists may activate CB1 receptors in target tissues, particularly at higher doses (often resulting in opposite cellular and functional consequences on the disease progression as it became evident in many pathological conditions recently) and when the relative expression of CB1 over CB2 is high in the diseased tissue. This can also be one explanation for the bell-shaped dose response often seen with recently available CB2 agonists in various disease models. Furthermore, in many disease models the CB2 agonists appear to be most effective if given before the initiation of the insult, and may lose their effect or even promote inflammation when given at later time points. Thorough knowledge of CB2 receptor signaling in key target immune and/or other cell types is still largely enigmatic; hence understanding of the precise course of the disease and the exact sequel of pathological events behind these changes is extremely important in order to devise meaningful therapeutic approaches based on targeted modulation of CB2 receptor signaling. Collectively, multiple lines of evidence discussed above support the view that lipid endocannabinoid signaling through CB2 receptors represents an aspect of the mammalian protective armamentarium, and its modulation by either selective CB2 receptor agonists or inverse agonists/antagonists (depending on the disease and its stage) holds unique therapeutic potential in huge number of diseases (the main targets of CB2 receptor modulation in inflammation and tissue injury are summarized in Fig. 3). Excitingly, large number of novel synthetic [64–69] and natural [285,286] CB2 receptor ligands has also been intensively investigated, giving hope that some of the above discussed preclinical results could also be translated into clinical treatments in the near future to ease human sufferings. (Pacher and Mechoulam, 2011)
Use the following template to cite a journal using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Program,C. (2015) Video: Bay 101: Water Clarity - Chesapeake Bay Program. Chesapeakebay.net.
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(Author Surname, Year Published)
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Secchi Disc (Program, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Title (Year Published) Publisher, City.
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FITZGERALD,F. (1999), p. P.171.
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(Title, Year Published)
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,“So we beat on, boats against the current, borne ceaselessly into the past.” (FITZGERALD, 1999)
Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Grund,J. and Breeksema,J. Coffee Shops and Compromise: Separated Illicit Drug Markets in the Netherlands Open Society Foundation, New York, NY.
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Dutch drug policy does not condone the use of mind altering substances, but these substances are no longer automatically associated with deviance in the Netherlands. Cannabis in particular, but also drugs like mushrooms and ecstasy, have been acculturated and to a large degree normalized, as are—to a large extent—the problems associated with heavy drug use. Drugs like crack cocaine and heroin, however, continue to hold strong stigma— both among the public and medical providers—but they no longer raise moral panic. The 1976 legislative changes and the resulting normalization brought the drug issue in plain 60 LESSONS LEARNED sight, allowing for a more realistic perspective on both recreational and problem drug use and exposing these to mainstream social controls. The Netherlands has the lowest level of problem drug use in the EU (Van Laar, 2009) and the overall prevalence of drug use in the general population is below the EU average and well below that in the United States (ECMDDA, 2012; NDM, 2012). (Grund and Breeksema)
Use the following template to cite a website using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Our Dancing Daughters (1928) Hunt Stromberg, United States.
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scene: Diana the Dangerous (Our Dancing Daughters, 1928)
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gjjtkxyn,g. (1980) swtqi cvypl for 08% ejrydv4 gjjtkxyn, Vanuatu.
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Use the following template to cite a court case using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Title (Year Published).
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the Guardian, (2008) Vilhelm Hammershøi: the poetry of silence.
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'Poetry of Silence' (the Guardian, 2008)
Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Awan,H. (2008) Aramex One of a kind 1st ed. TNI Investment Research, Not Published.
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(Author Surname, Year Published)
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Aramex SWOT Analysis (Awan, 2008)
Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Author Surname,A. (Year Published) Title Publisher, City.
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Rodman,S. (1957) Conversations with Artists Devin-Adair, New York.
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I'm interested only in expressing basic human emotions — tragedy, ecstasy, doom and so on — and the fact that a lot of people break down and cry when confronted with my pictures show that I communicate those basic human emotions. … The people who weep before my pictures are having the same religious experience I had when I painted them. (Rodman, 1957)
Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Palmer,P. 1. Your Teaching Philosophy 1st ed.
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(Author Surname, Year Published)
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‘no question that students who learn, not professors who perform, is what teaching is all about ... [however] teachers possess the power to create conditions that can help students learn a great deal – or keep them from learning much at all’. (Palmer)
Use the following template to cite an email using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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United Nation, (1945) Charter of the United Nations: Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Agression.
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Article 39 The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security. Article 51 Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security. (United Nation, 1945)
Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Author Surname,A. (Year Published) Title. Publication Title, Pages Used.
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Fossum,M. and Mason,M. (1986) Facing shame W.W. Norton & Co., New York.
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(Author Surname, Year Published)
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""while guilt is a painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one’s actions, shame is a painful feeling about oneself as a person."" (Fossum and Mason, 1986)
Use the following template to cite an interview using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Corporatewatch.org, (2015) UK Construction Industry : Major Players | Corporate Watch.
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In 2003 Carillion lost £10m over its delays in the construction of the Nottingham light rail scheme and then had most of its rail maintenance work taken away (the shares plunged 16% as about £15m was removed from Carillion's 2005 operating profits in one fell swoop)37 as the Government tried to save face over the series of rail disasters by allowing the not-for-profit Network Rail to take maintenance in-house (Corporatewatch.org, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Oxford Dictionaries, (2015) Resilience.
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The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Ctc.org.uk, (2015) CTC Cycling Statistics | CTC.
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About 8% of the population aged five+ cycles three or more times a week (around 4.64 million people) (Ctc.org.uk, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Lewis,P. (1985) Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall. Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 377-383.
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(Author Surname, Year Published)
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'…definitions refer to the rightness or wrongness of behavior, but not everyone agrees on what is morally right or wrong...' (Lewis, 1985)
Use the following template to cite a song using the Bioinformatics citation style.
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Arnold,R. (2009) Fashion Oxford University Press, Oxford [u.a.].
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“A new outfit that fits with what magazines and advertisements are promoting can be really pleasurable to buy and wear. It can give you a new identity, even if it’s only for one night” (Arnold, 2009)
Use the follo”