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Use the following template to cite a book using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. Title. City: Publisher.
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Anon. 2015. Organisational Research. Ebook. 1st ed.
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“Organizational Research” is “defined as research obtaining information only about organizations, not about the individuals in or served by the organizations” (Anon. 2015)
Use the following template to cite a journal using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Publication Title Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used.
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Lrs.ed.uiuc.edu,. 2015. 'Cognitivist and Behaviorist Teachers'. http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/jhaberkorn/edpsy399ol/l11q4.html.
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‘you believe that learning is a change in individual’ mental structures enabling them to show changes in behaviour. It is based on the thought process behind the behaviour. Your focus is on what is in the learners head coupled with the behaviour’ ‘providing stimulus material and promoting the correct response, while the learner’s role is to be the receiver of information respone until the behavioural change is permanent,’ (Lrs.ed.uiuc.edu 2015)
Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the CPP citation style.
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Anon. Year Published. Title. Format. City: Publisher.
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Anon. 1992. Preparing a Single Seater for Motorsport. Video. England: David Winstanley.
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You might find out things that will make the car go quicker or slower, you might want to soften the suspension or stiffen the suspension. lowering the ride heights or raising the ride heights, soften the front or rear anti roll bars, everything you do will make some difference to the way the car handles. (Anon. 1992)
Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the CPP citation style.
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Dushay, J., E. Toschi, E. Mitten, F. Fisher, M. Herman, and E. Maratos-Flier. 2015. 'Fructose ingestion acutely stimulates circulating FGF21 levels in humans'. Molecular Metabolism 4(1):51-57.
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""Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone with pleiotropic metabolic activities which, in rodents, is robustly regulated by fasting and ketogenic diets. In contrast, similar dietary interventions have either no or minimal effects on circulating FGF21 in humans. Moreover, no intervention or dietary challenge has been shown to acutely stimulate circulating FGF21 in either humans or animals. Recent animal data suggest that the transcription factor Carbohydrate Responsive-Element Binding Protein (ChREBP) stimulates hepatic FGF21 expression and that fructose may activate hepatic ChREBP more robustly than glucose."" Can fructose ingestion acutely stimulate FGF21 in humans? ""Conclusions Fructose ingestion acutely and robustly increases serum FGF21 levels in humans in a pattern consistent with a hormonal response. While FGF21 appears to be critical for the adaptive response to fasting or starvation in rodents, these findings suggest that in humans, FGF21 may play an important role in fructose metabolism."" What is FGF021? [From Wikipedia] Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF21 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. (Dushay et al. 2015)
Use the following template to cite a website using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. http://Website-Url.
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Association, P. 2012. 'Half Of Students Worried About The Debt They're Taking On'. The Huffington Post UK. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/15/two-fifths-university-students-struggle-finances_n_1777866.html.
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More than three quarters (77%) of people surveyed said they expect to leave university with debts, while three in five (60%) said they are likely to end up owing more than £10,000, (Association 2012)
Use the following template to cite a blog using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Blog. Publication Title.
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Osha.europa.eu,. 2015. 'Management Leadership — Safety and Health at Work - EU-OSHA'. https://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/management-leadership/index_html.
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Leadership is one of the key determinants of employee well-being, and is fundamental to promoting and sustaining a safe and healthy workplace. (Osha.europa.eu 2015)
Use the following template to cite a court case using the CPP citation style.
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Anon. Year Published. Title, Volume number Document Title/Name Pages Used. Location.
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Theregister.co.uk,. 2015. 'Cybercrime laws are super weak'. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/12/07/cybercrime_laws_are_super_weak/.
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(Anon. Year Published, vol. )
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""... though the application of these laws sometimes falls down, resulting in weak penalties"" (Theregister.co.uk 2015)
Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Publication Title. City: Publisher.
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Ugai, H. 2006. 'Bank of Japan Working Paper Series'. Effects of the Quantitative Easing Policy: A Survey of Empirical Analyses:29.
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firms had heighten uncertainty regarding their funding over fear that financial institutions are reducing their lending due to liquidity concern, and the economy was at risk of tumbling into a deflationary spiral’’ (Ugai 2006)
Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. Title. Ebook. City: Publisher.
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Skepe, S. 2012. 'Evaluation of the applicability of Lewin's Force Field Analysis in the implementation of the Financial Sector Charter at Standard Bank'. MBA, RHODES BUSINESS SCHOOL.
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from : https://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CE8QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentpro.seals.ac.za%2Fiii%2Fcpro%2Fapp%3Fid%3D5586872076791763%26itemId%3D1006775%26lang%3Deng%26service%3Dblob%26suite%3Ddef&ei=tSxBVZZag57uBovGgMgE&usg=AFQjCNHqZ626regrzuTzhB00YP6kOORYZw (Skepe 2012)
Use the following template to cite an edited book using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Forename, ed.Anon. Year Published. Title. City: Publisher.
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SAVAGE, C. 2015. 'Declassified Report Shows Doubts About Value of N.S.A.’s Warrantless Spying'. Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/25/us/politics/value-of-nsa-warrantless-spying-is-doubted-in-declassified-reports.html?ref=topics&_r=0.
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(Author SurnameAnon. Year Published)
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The secrecy surrounding the National Security Agency’s post-9/11 warrantless surveillance and bulk data collection program hampered its effectiveness, and many members of the intelligence community later struggled to identify any specific terrorist attacks it thwarted, a newly declassified document shows. The document is a lengthy report on a once secret N.S.A. program code-named Stellarwind. The report was a joint project in 2009 by inspectors general for five intelligence and law enforcement agencies, and it was withheld from the public at the time, although a short, unclassified version was made public. The government released a redacted version of the full report to The New York Times on Friday evening in response to a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit. Continue reading the main story RELATED COVERAGE Redactions in U.S. Memo Leave Doubts on Data Surveillance ProgramSEPT. 6, 2014 New Leak Suggests Ashcroft Confrontation Was Over N.S.A. ProgramJUNE 27, 2013 Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without CourtsDEC. 16, 2005 Shortly after the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, President George W. Bush secretly told the N.S.A. that it could wiretap Americans’ international phone calls and collect bulk data about their phone calls and emails without obeying the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Over time, Stellarwind’s legal basis evolved, and pieces of it emerged into public view, starting with an article in The Times about warrantless wiretapping in 2005. (SAVAGE 2015)
Use the following template to cite an email using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, A.Letter. Year Published. 'Title'. Email.
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Chin, L. 2014. 'Spinal Cord Injuries'. Emedicine.medscape.com. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-overview.
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an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord’s normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. Patients with spinal cord injury usually have permanent and often devastating neurologic deficits and disability (Chin 2014)
Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Publication Title. City: Publisher.
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Wise, J. 2014. 'Obesity rates rise substantially worldwide'. BMJ 348(may29 5):g3582-g3582.
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The number of overweight and obese people worldwide is now over 2.1 billion, up from 857 million in 1980, a new analysis has shown, representing a 28% increase among adults and a 47% increase among children.1 The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, published in the Lancet, showed that in the developed world men had higher obesity rates than women, whereas the opposite was true in developing countries. Obesity is classified as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher, and overweight as a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher. (Wise 2014)
Use the following template to cite an interview using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'Format. Location.
Example:
notice, L., C. Settings, C. us, C. us, T. Newsletter, T. Newsletter, and L. Offers et al. 2015. '14 Reasons Your Next Car Should Be A Hybrid'. Toyota gb. http://www.toyota.co.uk/world-of-toyota/stories-news-events/14-reasons-your-next-car-should-be-hybrid.json.
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“Hybrid vehicles have saved around 34 million tonnes of carbon dioxide and 12 billion litres of fuel so far, compared to purely petrol-powered cars of similar size.” (notice et al. 2015)
Use the following template to cite a magazine using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Publication Title.
Example:
Bbc.co.uk,. 2015. 'BBC - GCSE Bitesize Science - Esters : Revision'. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/alcohols_carboxylic_acids_esters/esters/revision/1/.
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The distinctive smell of ethyl ethanoate is like modelling glue (Bbc.co.uk 2015)
Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Publication Title.
Example:
Thenbs.com,. 2015. 'Warm: cold; vented: unvented roof construction? - Building technologies article from NBS'. http://www.thenbs.com/topics/ConstructionProducts/articles/ventedUnventedRoofConstruction.asp.
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This ‘cold deck’ construction is considered problematic in the humid, temperate climate of the UK where the effective ventilation of restricted roof voids may be impractical, particularly in sheltered, built-up areas. (Thenbs.com 2015)
Use the following template to cite a podcast using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. 'Title'. Podcast. Publication Title. http://Website-Url.
Example:
Anon. 2015. . http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Home Birth and Dangers.
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According to Weill Cornell Medical College, babies born at home may be 10 times as likely to be stillborn than those born in the hospital (Anon. 2015)
Use the following template to cite a song using the CPP citation style.
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Author Surname, Author Initial. Year Published. Title. Format. City: Publisher.
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Schulzke, M. 2009. 'Game Studies - Moral Decision Making in Fallout'. Gamestudies.org. http://gamestudies.org/0902/articles/schulzke.
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Moral dilemmas are not presented for passive contemplation - they are an integral part of gameplay. (Schulzke 2009)
Use the following template to cite The Bible using the CPP citation style.
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Title,. Year Published. . City: Publisher.
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Anon. 2015. . http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/sick_building_factsheet.pdf.
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(Title Year Published)
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Sick building syndrome (SBS) refers to a constellation of general symptoms attributed to indoor environments. Examples of symptoms include headache, upper respiratory symptoms, and fatigue. (Anon. 2015)
Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the CPP citation style.
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Anon. Year Published. 'Title'. TV programme. Channel number: Broadcaster.
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Hill, M. 2014. 'Clearing the smoke: What do we know about adolescent cannabis use and schizophrenia?'. J Psychiatry Neurosci 39(2).
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While cannabis has been used as a recreational drug in many cultures around the world for centuries, it is only recently that we have begun to understand the biology of how this drug affects the brain. The discovery of the primary components of the endocannabinoid system (the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and the endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) in the late 1980s and early 1990s allowed for discrete and focused research to occur. In the last 25 years, it has been determined that many of the prototypical effects of cannabis use (increased feeding, sedation, reduced anxiety, reduced blood pressure) mimic the actions of endocannabinoid signalling.1 That being said, many of the effects of cannabis remain a mystery.The past few decades have been rife with debate regarding the safety and medical utility of cannabis, little of which has actually been rooted in scientific evidence. The extremes of these opinions state that cannabis is a completely innocuous and harmless substance, or that it is a highly dangerous drug whose use provokes a series of adverse health complications. While both of these opinions are for the most part inaccurate, these unfortunately are the types of debates that often occur in a political sphere and can have substantial impact on policy decisions. The need for evidence-based decisions to guide cannabis access is imperative given that in the states of Colorado and Washington recreational sale of cannabis is now legal and that in Canada there is currently substantial revision and overhaul occurring with the medical marijuana program. While many conditions, including lung cancer and cardiac arrthymias, have been at the forefront of the cannabis safety debate for some time, interestingly the discussion has predominantly moved to psychiatry — specifically the association between adolescent cannabis use and the development of schizophrenia.
The first study that brought this association to the forefront of the research community was a paper published in Lancet in 1987 that demonstrated a significant association between cannabis use and the development of schizophrenia in a 15-year longitudinal study of more than 45 000 healthy Swedish army conscripts.2 Individuals who consumed a high level of cannabis (defined as use of cannabis on more than 50 occasions by the age of 18 years) had a greater risk of schizophrenia developing. This finding was interesting, as several historical reports had documented psychotic-like reactions to cannabis, suggesting that there may be a basis for associating cannabis use with the development of schizophrenia. In the decades that followed, several other reports confirmed this association (see the reviews by Malone and colleagues,3 D’Souza and colleagues4 and Arsenault and colleagues5); that is, when examined retrospectively, individuals in whom schizophrenia had developed exhibited a higher level of cannabis use, often during adolescence. Based on this association, several schools of thought formed: 1) cannabis causes schizophrenia, 2) cannabis acts as a specific risk factor for provoking schizophrenia, and 3) cannabis is used as self-medication.
So what does the science actually tell us? First, the hypothesis that cannabis can cause schizophrenia de novo is essentially without evidence. Although it is true that administration of very high doses of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive constituent of cannabis, to healthy individuals can produce psychotic-like symptoms transiently,6 these symptoms subside very quickly and are not representative of a bona fide psychiatric condition. More so, within the Western world, cannabis use went from essentially nonexistent before the 1950s to extremely prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite this dramatic shift in cannabis use at a societal level, the prevalence of schizophrenia has largely remained stable.7
With respect to the self-medication hypothesis there is conflicting evidence. Several reports have documented that cannabis consumption in people with schizophrenia is associated with a reduction in negative and cognitive symptoms (although this is often coupled with a significant increase in positive symptoms8–11). The argument is that since conventional antipsychotic medications do not manage negative symptoms well, cannabis is an adjunct that patients use to attenuate their negative symptoms. Consistent with this, there are significantly higher rates of cannabis use in people with schizophrenia than in the general population.12 The major problem with this hypothesis is that both prospective and retrospective studies have reliably found that cannabis use typically precedes the onset of clinical symptoms, arguing against the hypothesis that this association is purely driven by the attempt to manage symptoms.13
The most parsimonious hypothesis is that cannabis acts as a specific risk factor that can provoke the onset of a psychotic episode in individuals who are already vulnerable to schizophrenia developing.7 This hypothesis explains not only why an association between cannabis use and schizophrenia exists, but also why this association is moderate, at best, at a population level.
Assuming that the association between cannabis and psychosis is exclusively mediated by a unique sensitivity to the adverse effects of cannabis in individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia, the question of why adolescence is a period of unique vulnerability arises. Interestingly, several lines of evidence suggest that adolescence may be a specific period for sensitivity to cannabis.
First, the endocannabinoid system is important for cortical development, neuronal migration, connectivity and synapto-genesis.14 During adolescence, many brain regions undergo dramatic levels of growth and synaptic remodelling, of which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is probably the most robust.15 Interestingly, the PFC is rich in cannabinoid receptors16 and is one of the brain regions most heavily implicated in schizophrenia.17 Animal studies examining the effects of adolescent exposure to THC have demonstrated that this manipulation can have significant effects on the morphology and function of the maturing PFC.18–20
In addition, cannabinoids are known to provoke dopamine (DA) release,21 and this effect is amplified in individuals with schizophrenia or individuals who have first-degree relatives with schizophrenia.22 During adolescence, the dopaminergic system in the PFC undergoes a transitory shift in functionality where the ability of DA to modulate interneuron populations emerges.23 Therefore, the ability of cannabinoids to enhance DA signalling may have differential effects on a brain in development as opposed to a mature brain where the DA system is established.
Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system itself undergoes dramatic ontogenetic changes during adolescence where the expression of the CB1 receptor increases from early life, peaks just at the onset of adolescence and declines throughout aging.24,25 As such, adolescence represents a period of heightened CB1 receptor density and possibly functionality, meaning that the effects of cannabis on a brain at this period could be fundamentally different than the effects on a mature brain.
Taken together, there are compelling biological explanations for how cannabis exposure during adolescence could have adverse effects on brain development, particularly that of the PFC. However, in the majority of teenagers who use cannabis, schizophrenia does not develop, suggesting that there must be additional factors that rende"